ALPT A Grammar Content (C1-C2)
ALPT A
This page is a work and progress and things may be corrected, added or removed later.
ER-VERBS AND ROYAL SPEECH
Except for ERA-, all other Arusian ER- verbs are often restricted to very formal speech and to talking with authorities such as kings and monarchy members. Their usage is not difficult, though: 1-Prefix er- to the verb in the -RA/-A form (intransitive) (the hyphen here is optional in Roma-sem and doesn't appear at all in Semlek), 2-attach the direct object to the verb. The SA copula is needed to connect it to the rest of the sentence, just like any other kind of predicate of the X sa Y or Y sa X type.
Erpaya-pai-nut sa nut sa lu dauwr (I ate at the restaurant today) [talking to a king or queen]
Era-tei sa lu deyekr juwa (I gave you a book) [honorific form of u edr]
Nepa-erpaya-fai-fai sa fai sa tei auwr (Did you see the trees at the forest?) [talking to a royal member]
FOREIGN WORDS AND -EI
Sometimes Arusian won't have a way to express more complex concepts easily (for example, in very specific scientific terms or nationality identifiers). For this purpose, there is the -EI suffix, which you append after the borrowed word. In Arusian, borrowings are always treated differently from native roots in grammar, so these also never use -S copula, only SA. Examples of foreign words:
Japonei (Japanese)
ChatGPT (ChatGPT)
Brands and personal names don't need -EI.
Atomei (atom)
COMPOUND VERBS
To express more complex actions, Arusian might use "complex verbs", formed from two or more roots. You have seen some previously in the course, like DEMR-RMR (to talk with). In these kinds of verbs, both roots are conjugated.
Tei demse-rmrse lu (You are the one I'm talking to)
Literally: 'you are the one being talked to by me'.
Sum sa tei lekr-rmr u sa vai-pai (You connect with family at home)
ORDINAL NUMBERS IN ARUSIAN
To form ordinal numbers in Arusian, replace PEI- (the numeral marker) with LA-.
-
5th: la-mei / la-kam
-
7th: la-aek
-
12th: la-ta-da-ta-mei
Juwa sa la-kam u sa Kaya-dei u sa lu puwauwr u sa wel pus (I'm reading Kaya's 5th book now)
USAGE OF SVO IN ARUSIAN
SVO word order in Arusian is informal and is usually used with people you know and are familiar with, personal writing, and logic and Math statements. Sometimes you may also find it in educational texts. It may sound "childish" depending on the context, though, so, for foreigners, it's better to stick to OSV, which will be suitable for 99% of the time.
WRITING FORMAL E-MAILS
When writing an e-mail in Arusian, you usually begin the message with a vocative expression (usually the name of the person, preceded by the U marker, and the title, if applicable). For example: U-Juweya sa kara-wek (CEO Juweya, Juweya the boss, etc.). Then, in the next line, you can wish them 'good morning' or 'good evening' using the formal versions of them: tei sa mrai beis wei edr for 'good evening' and tei sa wai beis wei edr**** for 'good morning'.
Next, you write your message using OSV word order for formality. There's no need to use the ER form of verbs unless the message is for a royal member or a very old person.
Last, but not the least, you add tei sa edra edras at the end of the message and finish it with your name. Here is an example:
*U-juweya sa kara-wek
Tei sa mrai beis wei edr. Puwei-seg sa tei-lu aemras u sa kef sa orem wei paise? Su sa lu ouwr lu krmr.
Tei sa edra edras.
Andrew*
EDUCATIONAL TEXTS
Educational texts in Arusian use sentences that are straight to the point and follow the SVO word order. In fact, this is the only context where SVO isn't seen as informal in a formal context.
Mai-ared buwaais (The Earth is round)
Albert Einstein tekr sam gaus (Albert Einstein studied gravity)
Naj ayr gau sa pei-tef da ta-mei da ta-mei-dek-umu (The Universe is 13 billion years old)
Mai-ared osa nru u gauwr-otr pu-suwa gauwr-otr wet sa pu-tara-suwa. Sagittarius A* trmr pra-tim u payr wet sa pu-tara-suwa (The Earth and the Moon orbit the Sun, which in turn orbits the center of the Milky Way, where lies a blackhole named Sagittarius A*)
JOURNALISTIC SPEECH
Journalistic speech and writing in Arusian also follows OSV word order and tends to favor direct sentences and the usage of passive voice, for focus on the events rather than on the actors.
Tara sa ara-jrai kijr (The city was destroyed by a tornado/The tornado destroyed the city)
Vom sa pei-mei nouweis u sa Las-Vegas paise u sa mrai mregras wei segse (Five people were killed in Las Vegas last night)
Luiz-Inácio-Lula-da-Silva sa presedantei sa fna-braselei wei trmr (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is the President of Brazil)
WRITING JOURNALS IN ARUSIAN
For personal journals, you can use either SVO (for an informal and/or childish tone) or OSV (for a more neutral tone) word orders.
Ayau-vai sa lu auwr u fauwr Japonei-dem u sa wai pus. Kafei sa lu dauwr u segr lu vrauweis. Kodei sa lu semr u edr aplekaseyonei lus.
WRITING LETTERS IN ARUSIAN
We will show you two examples of letters in Arusian (one for a parent and another for a royal member) to show you the differences in register. Remember that, unlike English, Arusian favours shorter sentences.
Letter to a Parent:
U-ma lus.
Lu aekr tei beis. Lu krmr vej sa lu prauwr tei u sa umu-lo-seg. Osa-mez teis u sa lu tr u segr tra-18 sa nru-ai.
Lu sumr tei. Luk teis.
Adding OSA before the first word of a sentence is like "AND" in English.
Letter to a Royal Member
U-su-delra. Era-tei sa wai beyeis.
Erpaya-keyai-mez sa luwa-fna u sa so-luwedra kamr aem. Su sa mrai-vai. Plei-ertregra-fu teis?
Era-lu teis u sa seg teis Kaya-dei sa delra-rmra
PLEI is used here for demanding a request (the king coming to the meeting). Also, it's important to avoid borrowings/non-Arusian words in this register.
ERA-LU TEIS U SA SEG TEIS means something like 'thank you for your time' and this expression sounds very formal.
BIG NUMBERS IN ARUSIAN
Here are a "few" big numbers in Arusian:
| Indo-Arabic | Arusian | English |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | pei-ta-mei | ten |
| 100 | pei-dek | one hundred |
| 1,000 | pei-ta-mei-dek | one thousand |
| 10,000 | pei-dek-dek | ten thousand |
| 100,000 | pei-ta-mei-dek-dek | one hundred thousand |
| 1,000,000 | pei-umu | one million |
| 10,000,000 | pei-ta-mei-umu | ten million |
| 100,000,000 | pei-dek-umu | one hundred million |
| 1,000,000,000 | pei-ta-mei-dek-umu | one billion |
| 10,000,000,000 | pei-dek-dek-umu | ten billion |
| 100,000,000,000 | pei-ta-mei-dek-dek-umu | one hundred billion |
| 1,000,000,000,000 | pei-umu-umu | one trillion |
| 10,000,000,000,000 | pei-ta-mei-umu-umu | ten trillion |
| 100,000,000,000,000 | pei-dek-umu-umu | one hundred trillion |
| 1,000,000,000,000,000 | pei-ta-mei-dek-umu-umu | one quadrillion |
| 10^16 | pei-dek-dek-umu-umu | ten quadrillion |
| 10^17 | pei-ta-mei-dek-dek-umu-umu | one hundred quadrillion |
| 10^18 | pei-otra | one quintillion |
| 10^19 | pei-ta-mei-otra | ten quintillion |
| 10^20 | pei-dek-otra | one hundred quintillion |
| 10^21 | pei-ta-mei-dek-otra | one sextillion |
| 10^22 | pei-dek-dek-otra | ten sextillion |
| 10^23 | pei-ta-mei-dek-dek-otra | one hundred sextillion |
| 10^24 | pei-umu-otra | one septillion |
| 10^25 | pei-ta-mei-umu-otra | ten septillion |
| 10^26 | pei-dek-umu-otra | one hundred septillion |
| 10^27 | pei-ta-mei-dek-umu-otra | one octillion |
| 10^28 | pei-dek-dek-umu-otra | ten octillion |
| 10^29 | pei-ta-mei-dek-dek-umu-otra | one hundred octillion |
| 10^30 | pei-umu-umu-otra | nonillion |
| 10^31 | pei-ta-mei-umu-umu-otra | ten nonillion |
| 10^32 | pei-dek-umu-umu-otra | one hundred nonillion |
| 10^33 | pei-ta-mei-dek-umu-umu-otra | one decillion |
| 10^34 | pei-dek-dek-umu-umu-otra | ten decillion |
| 10^35 | pei-ta-mei-dek-dek-umu-umu-otra | one hundred decillion |
| 10^36 | pei-otra-otra | one undecillion |
| 10^37 | pei-ta-mei-otra-otra | ten undecillion |
| 10^38 | pei-dek-otra-otra | one hundred undecillion |
| 10^39 | pei-ta-mei-dek-otra-otra | one duodecillion |
| 10^40 | pei-dek-dek-otra-otra | ten duodecillion |
| 10^41 | pei-ta-mei-dek-dek-otra-otra | one hundred duodecillion |
| 10^42 | pei-umu-otra-otra | one tredecillion |
| 10^43 | pei-ta-mei-umu-otra-otra | ten tredecillion |
| 10^44 | pei-dek-umu-otra-otra | one hundred tredecillion |
| 10^45 | pei-ta-mei-dek-umu-otra-otra | one quattuordecillion |
| 10^46 | pei-dek-dek-umu-otra-otra | ten quattuordecillion |
| 10^47 | pei-ta-mei-dek-dek-umu-otra-otra | one hundred quattuordecillion |
| 10^48 | pei-umu-umu-otra-otra | one quindecillion |
| 10^49 | pei-ta-mei-umu-umu-otra-otra | ten quindecillion |
| 10^50 | pei-dek-umu-umu-otra-otra | one hundred quindecillion |
| 10^51 | pei-ta-mei-dek-umu-umu-otra-otra | one sexdecillion |
| 10^52 | pei-dek-dek-umu-umu-otra-otra | one sexdecillion |
| 10^53 | pei-ta-mei-dek-dek-umu-umu-otra-otra | ten sexdecillion |
| 13,000,000,000 | pei-tef-da-dek-dek-umu | Thirteen billion |
UMU here litterally means 'big', so... 'big number'
UNTRANSLATABLE SENTENCES AND CONCEPTS
Some concepts and words in Arusian cannot be translated into English using a single word. Here's a list of some:
| Arusian | English explanation |
|---|---|
| aruwar | "to never be satisfied with (something)". It implies that you keep chasing it, while you never reach satisfaction" |
| bara | queer, gay, transgender, autistic, left-handed, minority, minority trait, someone having minority traits or belonging to minority |
| sa | usually a copula. Can be translated to English as "the thing that is", "the one that is", "the one who is", etc. A few equivalents to it in other languages would be: ay in Tagalog; は, 〜だ, が and 〜です in Japanese; 〜입니다 or 〜이다 in Korean, etc. |
| trmr | This is the verb "to be", however it works more like the Mandarin Chinese 是; the Cantonese 係; and the Vietnamese là than the Germanic "be" verb |
ARUSIAN SLANG
Like any other language, Arusian has some expressions used among friends and in colloquial speech. In this table, we will teach you some of them.
| Arusian | English |
|---|---|
| Marei-lu mregras! | Let's go! |
| Trlra sos! | Amazing |
| Lu auwas | I got it |
| Puwei-tei | What's up? How are you? |
| Kit sa kit | Shit! (when someone is in trouble or makes a serious mistake) |
| knau | Indicates sarcasm and contradicts the previous statement |
STYLISTICS, POETRY AND LITERARY LANGUAGE
One of the most famous and oldest Arusian poems is Rej-umu:
Rej-umu tregras u sa mred jekreis wei segse.
Rej-umu sa ko-rau geise.
Rej-umu sa vot sa ared wei nose sasa leyek.
Rej-umu nouweis.
Rej-umu numreis u sa seg otras.
Rej-umu sa pruuwa-paya u sa aek trmrse u ararar vot.
In this poem, we see that there is a heavy usage of intransitive passive (-(r)ei) and active forms (-(r)a), u pronoun, topicalization, although sentences tend to be short, as is normal in Arusian.
Here is the English translation:
When the world changes, the great hero comes.
The great hero shows its rage.
The great hero kills all on the Earth from above.
The great hero dies.
The great hero sleeps for a lot time.
After all, the great hero returns as hope.
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
Here is a table with some useful synonyms and antonyms in Arusian:
| English | Arusian | Antonyms |
|---|---|---|
| Good(ness) | bei | na (badness, bad, evil) |
| Nice(ness), kind(ness) | aru | sei (rude, rudeness, evil, evilness) |
| Hot | nek | beg (cold) |
| Big(ness), tall | umu | kut (small, smallness, short, shortness) |
| Many | otra | nra (few) |
| Beauty, beautiful | auwai | vrlreg (ugly, ugliness) |
| Fun, amusement, amusing | lat | dlo (boring, dull, boredom) |
| Sky, up, upward | leyek | ba (down) |
| Black, blackness | kluwa-tim | kluwa-vai (white) |
POLITENESS IN ARUSIAN SOCIETY
Politeness in Arusian is a very important part of their society and it can be shown in many ways. We are going to list here some tips for foreigners coming to Arusia.
1-You sometimes downplay yourself when you receive a cumpliment from someone to act polite. 2-The word for you is usually the topic of the sentence when you want to emphasize the listener. 3-Show respect to people by treating them as if they were the center of attention, focusing on their importance and value.
Example of respectful dialog between two friends:
LU: U-Pauwa! Nepa-luwa sa tei ouwr?
Pauwa! Do you want some water?
PAUWA: Luwa sa lu ouwr. Tei edras !
Yes, I want some water. Thank you!
LU: Orei ! Tei sa lu deyekras wei edr. Tei sa sum kuwemse. Nepa-krmra teis?
Okay/great! I will give you some. You are a part of the family. You know?
PAUWA: Su beis ! Tei sa edra otras. Otra sa tei osa sum teis wei tuwaas. Tei sa lu sumr sasa sai.
Yes ! Thank you so much. You and your family helps out a lot. You are my family, like siblings.
LU: Tei sa luwa edr. Marei dauwas !
Here is your water. Drink up!
LOVE IN ARUSIAN SOCIETY
There are many words used to express love in Arusian society.
| Arusian | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Ouweg | Used for things and objects. This word is not used for people |
| Am | This word is for people. This word is used for friends. It also means "to be friends with" |
| Leyem | This word is for your girlfriend, boyfirend, husband or wife. We use it for a romantic partner |
| Sum | This word is for people who are part of your family. People like your parents, cousins, siblings, grandparents, etc |
| Um | We use it for special things and people |
WORK AND SOCIAL HIERARCHIES
Here is a table with some titles you can use with people in Arusian.
| Title | Usage |
|---|---|
| Kara-wek | boss, leader, CEO |
| su-delra-rmra | Prime Minister/co-king/queen |
| Su-delra | King/Queen |
| Su-telra | Teacher, Professor |
| Gru | Teacher, Professor, Master, Professional |
| Gru-jik | medical doctor |
| Gru-naj | Astronomer |
| Gru-lei | Programmer |
| Gru-kuwei | Mathematician |
| Gru-sam | Scientist |
| Gru-nut | Chef |
| Gru-kai | artist, inventor |
| Miya | Girlfriend, Boyfriend |
| Su-tekra | Student, Pupil |
| Juwei | Leader, Capital |
| Su-wekra | employer |
| Su-wekrei | employee |
| Su-kouwa | worker |
| Su-kaya | artist, inventor |
| Su-kouwa | worker |
| Su-nutra | cook |